Pronunciation Key
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sofa (sō´f), item (ī´tm), easily (ē´zlē), cannon (kăn´n), circus (sûr´ks)
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| ă | act (ăkt), bat (băt) |
| ā | ape (āp), fail (fāl), day (dā) |
| â | air (âr), care (kâr) |
| ä | art (ärt), father (fä´ŧħr)
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| b | back (băk), labor (lā´br), cab (kăb)
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| ch | chin (chĭn), hatchet (hăch´t), rich (rĭch)
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| d | dock (dŏk), lady (lā´dē), sad (săd) |
| ĕ | end (ĕnd), steady (stĕd´ē), met (mĕt) |
| ē | eve (ēv), clear (klēr), see (sē) |
| f | fat (făt), phase (fāz), cough (kôf) |
| g | get (gĕt), bigger (bĭg´r), tag (tăg)
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| h | hand (hănd), ahead (hĕd´)
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| hw | wheel (hwēl), which (hwĭch) |
| ĭ | it (ĭt), pill (pĭl), mirror (mĭr´r)
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| ī | iron (ī´rn), eye (ī), buyer (bī´r)
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| j | jam (jăm), ginger (jĭn´jr), edge (ĕj)
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| k | kit (kĭt), tackle (tăk´l), cook (k k)
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| l | little (lĭt´l), holly (hŏl´ē), pull (pl)
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| m | man (măn), hammer (hăm´r), climb (klīm)
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| n | new (n), known (nōn), winner (wĭn´r)
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| ng | singing (sĭng´ĭng), finger (fĭng´gr), sang (săng), sank (săngk)
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| ŏ | hot (hŏt), body (bŏd´ē) |
| ō | over (ō´vr), hope (hōp), grow (grō)
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| ô | orbit (ôr´bĭt), fall (fôl), saw (sô) |
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foot (ft), wolf (wlf), put (pt), pure (pyr)
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boot (bt), lose (lz), drew (dr), true (tr)
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| oi | oil (oil), royal (roi´l), boy (boi)
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| ou | out (out), crowd (kroud), how (hou) |
| p | pipe (pīp), happy (hăp´ē) |
| r | road (rōd), appeared (pērd´), carpenter (kär´pntr)
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| s | so (sō), cite (sīt), baste (bāst) |
| sh | shall (shăl), sure (shr), nation (nā´shn)
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| t | tight (tīt), better (bĕt´r), talked (tôkt)
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| th | thin (thĭn), bath (băth) |
| ŧħ | then (ŧħĕn), father (fä´ŧħr), bathe (bāŧħ)
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| ŭ | but (bŭt), flood (flŭd), some (sŭm) |
| û | curl (kûrl), girl (gûrl), fern (fûrn), worm (wûrm) |
| v | vest (vĕst), trivial (trĭv´ēl), eve (ēv)
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| w | wax (wăks), twins (twĭnz) |
| y | you (y), onion (ŭn´yn)
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| z | zipper (zĭp´r), ease (ēz), treads (trĕdz)
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| zh | pleasure (plĕzh´r), rouge (rzh)
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| FOREIGN SOUNDS | |
| ö | as in French peu (pö), German Goethe (gö´t)
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| ü | as in French Cluny (klünē´) |
| kh | as in German ach (äkh), ich (ĭkh); Scottish loch (lŏkh) |
| N | this symbol indicates that the preceding vowel is nasal as in French cinq (săNk), un (öN), sans (säN), tombe (tôNb), en (äN); Portuguese São João (souN zhwouN) |
| ACCENTS AND HYPHENS | |
| ´ | primary accent, written after accented vowel or syllable: Nebraska (nbrăs´k), James Buchanan (bykă´nn)
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| ´´ | secondary accent: Mississippi (mĭs´´sĭp´ē)
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| | dash, replacing obvious portion of pronunciation: hegemony (hĭjĕm´nē, hē, hēj´mō´´nē, hĕg´)
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| - | hyphen, to prevent ambiguity in syllabification: Erlanger (ûr´lăng-r), dishearten (dĭs-här´tn)
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